At each new stage into which the natural science enters at occurrence of
new facts or ideas a revision of the basic problems facing the science and a
substantial change of initial positions from which these problems are treated
take place.
Water - is the most surprising
and most widespread natural compound. Learning the nature of water it happens
to be more and more convinced of the originality of its structure, in
unobviousness of its properties, in new, not entirely disclosed its structural
features.
For last one hundred and fifty years scientists have reached impressive
achievements in studying of the structure and properties of water, in essence,
predetermining the structure and shape of the visual environment. Water
appeared rather not ordinary liquid which is difficultly giving in not only to
direct experimental researches, but also modelling.
To statement of the most
essential data about the water structure in terms of new views developed by the
author the present monograph is devoted.
In the first chapter of the
monograph the reasons of doubts in correctness of numerous hypothetical models
(not less than 56) about the water structure that were put forward in different
years since the middle of XIXth century are considered. Here as a basis of the
structure the precisely established geometrical and physical characteristics of
a water molecule are put forward.
The second chapter is devoted
to one but a fundamental question - to justification of an isolated structural
element of water (ISEW) of which the liquid water consists. The ISEW is not the
hypothetical model but the element or a particle of the water all the
characteristics of which are rigorously substantiated by precise
physicomathematical calculations. The justification of the ISEW's existence is
grounded on study of influence of all the external and internal physical fields
(gravitational, electric, magnetic and thermal) which work as structure-forming and structure-destroying
factors. On the other hand a picture of the own physical fields that the
molecule of water creates within the occupied volume and around it, especially
of the electric field which along with the gravitational one is accepted as the
main network-forming factor is elaborated. Each step of a water structurization
both vertically and horizontally is carried out with the use of many formulas,
tabular data and corresponding graphic dependences. Not a question does remain without
the rigorous physicomathematical substantiation.
In final paragraphs of the
given chapter the conclusion that the liquid water at certain temperature
consists of the stable elements named ISEWs is drawn. The geometrical and
physical characteristics of the ISEW are given at 20ºС. It is pointed out that at any other temperature all
the characteristics of the ISEW change accepting other values. A formula for
calculation of an average quantity of the molecules in one ISEW and
respectively all the other characteristics of the ISEW at any temperature is
given. A question of arrangement of the ISEWs in a certain volume of water is
considered. The model of water based on the ISEWs is named variational, i.e.
varying. In compliance with this model at each temperature water possesses
physicochemical properties inherent only for the given temperature.
The third chapter is devoted
to theoretical determination of the basic physical properties of water such as
latent heat of ice melting, the latent heat of vaporization, specific heat capacity,
dynamic viscosity and others. The description of mechanisms of hydrophysical
phenomena, such as dissolution, water ionization, ice formation, evaporation
and others are given.
It is known that practically
all the physical properties of water were experimentally determined earlier
with the use of complex and high-precision equipment and in every case a
technique of experimental determinations was elaborated. But here all the
physical characteristics of water are determined theoretically. The accuracy of
the determinations is not worse than one percent. For example, if the tabular
value of the specific heat capacity makes 4.182kJ/kg∙ºC then by the author's
theory (p. 3.7) it results 4.178kJ/kg∙ºC, if the tabular value of the specific
heat of the water vaporization makes 2257kJ/kg∙ºC then by the theory (p. 3.6.1)
it results 2363kJ/kg∙ºC etc.
All the other physical
characteristics of water have the same accuracy of theoretical determinations.
The parameters determined in a wide range of a function change make a small
exception to the rule, for example, the temperature of water boiling at
different air pressures over water. In the case when the air pressure varies
from 0.1atmosphere to 25atmospheres the formula works well, i.e. gives the
accuracy up to 1%. But at the extreme values of the air pressure when ∆p comes
nearer to 0.01atmosphere or to 100atmospheres the accuracy of the theory data
becomes a little worse and reaches 3.4% that is satisfactory in general.
The high accuracy of the
theoretical determinations received in the given chapter is a brilliant
confirmation of correctness and accuracy of the water basic element - the ISEW
since if the slightest discrepancies of the structure and the physical
characteristics of the ISEW could be allowed then the reception of any physical
characteristic of the water by theoretical way was out of the question.
Therefore, no additional proofs of accuracy and reliability of the water
primary model are not required.
In the same third chapter the
mechanisms of the hydrophysical phenomena behaviour that are backed with
numerous calculations, formulas, diagrams and graphic dependences are
considered. Specifically, it is proved here that the term «hydration» (by a
diagram of Arrenius and his followers) actually
cannot have a place in the nature, since the force Fi - the attractive
interaction force of the ions, for example, in NaCl in 60 000 times more than Fw
- the impact force of the water molecules about a crystal lattice of salt, even
subject to weakening effect of water permittivity in 81 times, ε =81.
The numerous theoretical
developments each of which is worthy of special attention are adduced in the
chapter. As one more examples the author can specify the theory of capillary
phenomena and water movement in fine-pore media developed here. The formulas
for determination of the height of water antigravity rise in the media from
dielectric and metal materials as well as of time necessary for water lifting
are rather simple and unlike the only, earlier known formula take account of
both the material characterization (ε) and the ambient temperature (t). These formulas
are new and developed by the author for the first time.
The theory of hydromagnetic
interactions developed by the author deserves a special attention in this
chapter. The given theory like all the others is based on the use of physical
characteristics of the ISEWs. By the author (p. 3.16) as a result of the
hydromagnetic interactions it happens not "crushing" of the particles
which are available in water as it follows from the previous assumptions, but
on the contrary, the enlargement of the particles in a kind of relatively
stable associations possessing the higher physicochemical properties in
comparison with the general ISEWs. It is the actual reason that explains those
numerous "miracle" changes that take place in water after its
processing with the magnetic field.
In whole the 3rd chapter without exaggeration could be named «the
beginning of a new water theory» or «the fundamentals of a new water theory».
The 4th chapter is basically
devoted to theoretical substantiation of the newest technologies based on new
ideas about water. The problems having universal value rise here. It is talked
of the following problems:
1.
Electron-enrichment of water. Not only the ways of
water charge with the electrons but also benefit which such water can bring in
everyday life, agriculture, animal husbandry, industry are explained.
2.
High-voltage transmission facilities (HVTF) in terms
of its influence on environment hydroecology.
3.
Control of circulation of water in the nature. As a
result of a positive solution of the problem it would be possible to regulate a
level of large closed reservoirs and even seas, reducing the water level where
it is too much, for example, the Caspian sea, and on the contrary, raising it
there where the water level falls, for example, the Aral sea.
4.
Alternative water-power engineering. The positive
solution of the given problem would turn water into an inexhaustible source of
the cheapest and ecological electric power.
In a whole the given chapter could be named «Large scientific and
technological problems of the XXI-st century».
Numerous grammatical mistakes
and stylistic defects as well as some liberty of the author with respect to
units of measurement should be noted as drawbacks of the work.
The reviewed monograph is reasonable to publish as without doubt it will
become a catalyst at development of many branches of science and technology
related to water and water problems.
On the other hand the
monograph will have a general value and will be useful for scientists and
engineers as well.
Head of a Science Department
of the
Company «Magnetic Technologies»
Candidate of technical
sciences, associate professor
July 07, 1999г.
A.G. Kosnevich
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